Updated: Dec 9, 2025 | Source: 2024-2028 Question Pool | Topic: E9C
E9C13E9C

How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally polarized antenna vary with increasing height above ground?

Deep Dive: E9C13

The correct answer is B: The takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe decreases. As a horizontally polarized antenna's height above ground increases, the takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe decreases. Higher mounting creates lower take-off angles, which are better for long-distance communications. When a horizontal antenna is close to ground, ground reflections create higher elevation lobes. As you raise the antenna, the lowest lobe moves to lower angles. This is because the ground reflection path length changes with height, affecting the phase relationship between direct and reflected waves. Lower take-off angles are desirable for DX work because signals at shallow angles travel farther via ionospheric skip. This is why horizontal antennas are often mounted as high as possible.

Why Other Answers Are Wrong

Option A: Incorrect. The takeoff angle doesn't increase with height - it decreases. Higher mounting creates lower angles. Option C: Incorrect. Horizontal beamwidth (azimuth) doesn't necessarily increase with height. The question is about elevation pattern, not horizontal beamwidth. Option D: Incorrect. Horizontal beamwidth doesn't decrease with height in a predictable way. The main effect is on elevation angle, not horizontal beamwidth.

Exam Tip

Higher horizontal antenna = Lower take-off angle. Remember: As a horizontally polarized antenna's height increases, the takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe decreases, improving long-distance performance.

Memory Aid

**H**igher **H**orizontal = **L**ower **T**ake-**O**ff **A**ngle (think 'HH = LTOA')

Real-World Example

You install a horizontal dipole at 20 feet. The lowest elevation lobe is at maybe 30 degrees. You raise it to 60 feet. Now the lowest lobe is at maybe 10 degrees - a much lower take-off angle. This lower angle is better for long-distance communications because signals travel farther at shallow angles.

Source & Coverage

Question Pool: 2024-2028 Question Pool

Subelement: E9C

Reference: FCC Part 97.3

Key Concepts

Horizontal antenna Height above ground Take-off angle Elevation pattern

Verified Content

Question from the official FCC Extra Class pool. Explanation reviewed by licensed amateur radio operators and mapped to the E9C topic.